The Difference in Secondary Education Across the Federal States in Germany

Germany is known for its federal system, where each state (Bundesland) holds considerable autonomy in many areas, including education. As a result, the structure and operation of secondary education vary significantly across the 16 federal states, offering a diverse range of options for students and parents. Understanding these differences can help families make informed decisions about their children’s education. Here is a look at the key distinctions in secondary education across Germany.

1. School Types

Although the basic framework of secondary education in Germany is somewhat consistent, with the main schools being Gymnasium and Integrated Secondary Schools (ISS), how these are organised and what they emphasise can differ from state to state.

Gymnasium: Designed for academically inclined students aiming for higher education, it leads to the Abitur (university entrance qualification). While Gymnasiums exist in every state, the duration of study can differ. In some states, the Abitur can be achieved after 12 years of schooling (grade 8), as is the case in Berlin, while in others, it takes 13 years (grade 9). For instance, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg are known for their grade 8 systems, but some states are reverting to grade 9 based on public demand.
Realschule: The Realschule offers a mix of academic and vocational education and is common throughout Germany. In some states, such as Saxony, the Realschule is more important while in others it is integrated into comprehensive schools (Gesamtschule) or similar concepts (see below).
Hauptschule: Traditionally aimed at students pursuing vocational careers, this type of school has lost importance and is being integrated into other types of schools or abolished.
Gesamtschule: Comprehensive schools, which combine elements of Gymnasium, Realschule, and Hauptschule, are more common in some states than in others. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the Gesamtschule plays an important role in the education system, while in Bavaria and Saxony it is less common.
Integrated Secondary School or Oberschule (ISS in Berlin, Oberschule in Bremen): These schools have replaced the Hauptschulen, Realschulen and Gesamtschulen and have a strong emphasis on offering individual support. Pupils learn in teams, small groups and team projects, which is intended to support equal opportunities and motivation. Repeating classes is no longer necessary. The ISS enables all qualifications, from vocational qualification to Abitur, through its own upper secondary school, cooperation with an upper secondary school of other ISS or upper secondary schools, or a jointly established upper secondary school.

2. Curriculum Differences

The curriculum is one of the most significant areas where states diverge. While certain subjects, like mathematics, sciences, and languages, are taught in every state, the content, focus, and depth can differ.

Languages: In some states, such as Berlin and Brandenburg, students start learning a second foreign language earlier than in other states. States like Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg prioritise Latin as a second language option, while in Hamburg and Bremen, modern languages like Spanish or French are more common.
STEM Subjects: STEM education (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) varies in intensity. States like Bavaria and Saxony have rigorous STEM programs, while others like Berlin and Bremen might offer more flexibility in subject choices.
History and Politics: The teaching of history, civics, and politics can also differ, with each state deciding its own curriculum content. This sometimes leads to a regional focus in history lessons, with more attention to local or state history.

3. Grading Systems and Examinations

Each state uses slightly different grading systems and examination processes. The Abitur, the final exam at the Gymnasium, is a prime example of this variation. While all states offer the Abitur, the format, difficulty, and weighting of subjects can differ.

Examinations: In some states, like Bavaria and Hesse, students face more centralised and standardised exams, while in states like Berlin and Brandenburg, schools have more flexibility in setting exams.
Grading: The grading scale is typically from 1 (excellent) to 6 (insufficient), but the interpretation of grades and the difficulty level may vary between states, influencing student outcomes and university admissions.

4. School Hours and Holidays

School hours and holidays also vary significantly. For instance, schools in states like Bavaria and Saxony typically have longer summer vacations but shorter winter breaks. On the other hand, states like Berlin and Hamburg spread their vacations more evenly throughout the year.

School Days: The length of the school day can differ, with some states favouring half-day schooling and others implementing full-day programs. Full-day schooling is more common in states like Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia, whereas in states like Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, half-day schooling remains the norm.

5. Special Education and Inclusive Education

The approach to special and inclusive education also varies between federal states. Some states, like North Rhine-Westphalia and Berlin, have implemented more inclusive education models, integrating students with special needs into regular schools. Other states, like Bavaria and Saxony, maintain a more traditional approach with specialised schools for students with learning difficulties or disabilities.

6. Teacher Training and Qualifications

Teacher training is another area where federalism leads to differences. Each state has its own requirements for teacher education, impacting the quality and focus of teaching. For example, states like Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg are known for their rigorous teacher training programs, while others like Berlin and Bremen have more flexible requirements.

Conclusion

The differences in secondary education across Germany’s federal states reflect the broader federal structure of the country, where each state maintains control over its education system. These variations can have significant impacts on the experiences and outcomes of students, from the types of schools they attend to the curriculum they follow, the exams they take, and even the length of their summer vacations. For families considering relocation or students transitioning between states, understanding these differences is crucial for navigating Germany’s diverse educational landscape.

Thank you for taking the time to read our blog post on the difference in secondary education across the federal states in Germany. If you want to find out more about Mentora Gymnasium, you can make an appointment and visit our school or take part in one of the regular open days we host.